Figure 14

One-shot optimisation of the XL1 spoiler shape. The rear edge of the XL1 half-model is parameterised with five morphing control points (top left). After twenty steepest descent driven shape updates in one-shot fashion, drag reduced by 2% and lift by 30% at a total cost of five equivalent flow solutions (right). The bottom left figure compares the original and the optimal shape of the rear car edge.